A sensor measures a defined variable
Fill level, traffic count, pressure or temperature each represent only part of a system.
Data quality matters
Calibration, placement, outages and bias can affect readings.
Operations must act on the data
Information has little value if no workflow can respond.
Governance matters
Privacy, procurement, cybersecurity, ownership and interoperability affect long-term usefulness.
Scope boundary. This page explains system relationships at a planning level. Real utility, transportation, emergency, structural, electrical, cybersecurity and public-safety decisions require local agencies and qualified professionals.